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It is performed by shining a light in the person's eyes and observing where the light reflects off the corneas. In a person with normal ocular alignment the light reflex lies slightly nasal from the center of the cornea (approximately 11 prism diopters—or 0.5mm from the pupillary axis), as a result of the cornea acting as a temporally-turned ...
The corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex or eyelid reflex, [1] is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body), though it could result from any peripheral stimulus. Stimulation should elicit both a direct and consensual response (response of the opposite eye).
Schematic diagram of pupillary light reflex neural pathway. Left direct light reflex involves neural segments 1, 5, and 7. Segment 1 is the afferent limb, which includes the retina and optic nerve. Segments 5 and 7 form the efferent limb. Left consensual light reflex involves neural segments 2, 4, and 7. Segment 2 is the afferent limb.
A reflex blink is not necessarily a conscious blink either; however it does happen faster than a spontaneous blink. [1] Reflex blink may occur in response to tactile stimuli (e.g., corneal, eyelash, skin of eyelid, contact with eyebrow), optical stimuli (e.g. dazzle reflex, [20] or menace reflex) or auditory stimuli (e.g., menace reflex).
The menace response is one of three forms of blink reflex. It includes the reflexive blinking that occurs specifically in response to the rapid approach of an object. [ 1 ] The menace response comprises blinking of the eyelids , in order to protect the eyes from potential damage, but may also include turning of the head, neck, or even the trunk ...
It is known, however, that the vestibulo-ocular reflex plays an important role in the involuntary movement of the eye. The levator palpebrae superioris is responsible for raising the upper eyelid, and this can be a voluntary or involuntary action. The other six extraocular muscles are involved in movements of the eye; these are the four recti ...
Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a form of classical conditioning that has been used extensively to study neural structures and mechanisms that underlie learning and memory. ...
Hirschberg test (corneal light reflex test) Cover-uncover test (cross cover test) Bruckner test (red reflex test) Anisometropia (Two eyes have varying refractive power) [24] Stereo Smile; Random Dot E; TNO; Refractive errors. Myopia (nearsighted) Hyperopia (farsighted) Astigmatism; Anisometropia; Presbyopia (age-related farsightedness) [25 ...