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  2. Phases of ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice

    Because ice XI can theoretically form at low pressures at temperatures between 50–70 K – temperatures present in astrophysical environments of the outer solar system and within permanently shaded polar craters on the Moon and Mercury. Ice XI forms most easily around 70 K – paradoxically, it takes longer to form at lower temperatures.

  3. Endothermic process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermic_process

    An endothermic process may be a chemical process, such as dissolving ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3) in water (H 2 O), or a physical process, such as the melting of ice cubes. [5] The opposite of an endothermic process is an exothermic process, one that releases or "gives out" energy, usually in the form of heat and sometimes as electrical energy. [1]

  4. Differential scanning calorimetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_scanning...

    In this test a sample (and a reference) are exposed to an oxygen atmosphere and subjected to a constant rate of heating (typically from 50 to 300 °C). The DSC heat flow curve will deviate when the reaction with oxygen begins (the reaction being either exothermic or endothermic).

  5. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

    It is possible to envision three-dimensional (3D) graphs showing three thermodynamic quantities. [12] [13] For example, for a single component, a 3D Cartesian coordinate type graph can show temperature (T) on one axis, pressure (p) on a second axis, and specific volume (v) on a third. Such a 3D graph is sometimes called a p–v–T diagram. The ...

  6. Thermochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochemistry

    The temperature of the chamber is monitored either using a thermometer or thermocouple, and the temperature plotted against time to give a graph from which fundamental quantities can be calculated. Modern calorimeters are frequently supplied with automatic devices to provide a quick read-out of information, one example being the differential ...

  7. Van 't Hoff equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_'t_Hoff_equation

    This graph is called the "Van 't Hoff plot" and is widely used to estimate the enthalpy and entropy of a chemical reaction. From this plot, − ⁠ Δ r H / R ⁠ is the slope, and ⁠ Δ r S / R ⁠ is the intercept of the linear fit.

  8. Thermometric titration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometric_titration

    The reaction is thus strongly exothermic, and is an excellent basis for a wide range of analysis in industry. An advantage for the industrial analyst is that the use of stronger titrants (1 to 2 mol/L) permits a reduction in the amount of sample preparation, and samples can often be directly and accurately dispensed into the titration vessel ...

  9. Latent heat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat

    Graph of temperature of phases of water heated from −100 °C to 200 °C – the dashed line example shows that melting and heating 1 kg of ice at −50 °C to water at 40 °C needs 600 kJ The terms sensible heat and latent heat refer to energy transferred between a body and its surroundings, defined by the occurrence or non-occurrence of ...