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The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E. Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs ...
Since evaporation ponds operate best with greater surface area of evaporation, large amount of land is required, so low quality, low cost land is better [2] A shallow pond covering greater surface area will result in faster rates of evaporation. [2] A view of evaporation ponds that are designed to extend for miles of land
In 1907, Edgar Buckingham created the first water retention curve. [2] It was measured and made for six soils varying in texture from sand to clay. The data came from experiments made on soil columns 48 inch tall, where a constant water level maintained about 2 inches above the bottom through periodic addition of water from a side tube.
SWMM-CAT is a utility that adds location-specific climate change adjustments to a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) project file. Adjustments can be applied on a monthly basis to air temperature, evaporation rates, and precipitation, as well as to the 24-hour design storm at different recurrence intervals.
Inputs to SPEI datasets can include high-resolution potential evapotranspiration (PET) from the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) and hourly Potential Evapotranspiration (hPET). GLEAM is a set of algorithms designed to calculate actual evaporation, PET, evaporative stress, and root-zone soil moisture.
Monthly estimated potential evapotranspiration and measured pan evaporation for two locations in Hawaii, Hilo and Pahala. Potential evapotranspiration is usually measured indirectly, from other climatic factors, but also depends on the surface type, such as free water (for lakes and oceans), the soil type for bare soil, and also the density and diversity of vegetation.
The Hertz–Knudsen equation describes the non-dissociative adsorption of a gas molecule on a surface by expressing the variation of the number of molecules impacting on the surfaces per unit of time as a function of the pressure of the gas and other parameters which characterise both the gas phase molecule and the surface: [1] [2]
An evaporation pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or square. [3] The best known of the pans are the "Class A" evaporation pan and the "Sunken Colorado Pan". [4]