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Mount Mazama's eruption timeline, an example of caldera formation. A caldera (/ k ɔː l ˈ d ɛr ə, k æ l-/ [1] kawl-DERR-ə, kal-) is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcanic eruption. An eruption that ejects large volumes of magma over a short period of time can cause significant ...
A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity. [1] It is typically a bowl-shaped feature containing one or more vents. During volcanic eruptions , molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber , through a conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the ...
Crater lake 3. Ice 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Pillow lava 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike) Click for larger version. Subglacial eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption characterized by interactions between lava and ice, often under a glacier.
Halemaʻumaʻu Crater Lake in October 2019, the yellow water is the result of dissolved minerals and sulfur 2008 Map of Kīlauea Caldera with Halemaʻumaʻu lower left. Halemaʻumaʻu ( six syllables: HAH -leh- MAH -oo- MAH -oo ) is a pit crater within the much larger Kīlauea Caldera at the summit of Kīlauea volcano on island of Hawaiʻi .
A volcanic crater is a bowl-shaped depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity, usually located above the volcano's vent. [11] During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber, through a conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the gases escape into the atmosphere and the magma is erupted as lava.
The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption between 6,000 and 8,000 years ago that led to the subsidence of Mount Mazama. About 12 cubic miles (50 km 3) of rhyodacite was erupted in this event. Since that time, all eruptions on Mazama have been confined to the caldera.
Crater lakes form as the created depression, within the crater rim, is filled by water. The water may come from precipitation, groundwater circulation (often hydrothermal fluids in the case of volcanic craters) or melted ice. Its level rises until an equilibrium is reached between the rates of incoming and outgoing water.
Karapınar Field in Turkey SP Crater in the San Francisco volcanic field is a cinder cone with a basalt lava flow that extends for 4 miles (6 km). El Muweilih Crater in Sudan with natron-rich clay on the crater floor