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SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published in 2001. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] They are built using the Merkle–Damgård construction , from a one-way compression function itself built using the Davies–Meyer structure from a specialized block cipher.
SHA-2: A family of two similar hash functions, with different block sizes, known as SHA-256 and SHA-512. They differ in the word size; SHA-256 uses 32-bit words where SHA-512 uses 64-bit words. There are also truncated versions of each standard, known as SHA-224, SHA-384, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256. These were also designed by the NSA.
SHA-2 with 384 bits, Diffie–Hellman key exchange with a minimum 3072-bit modulus, and; RSA with a minimum modulus size of 3072. [2] The CNSA transition is notable for moving RSA from a temporary legacy status, as it appeared in Suite B, to supported status. It also did not include the Digital Signature Algorithm. This, and the overall ...
SHA-2 basically consists of two hash algorithms: SHA-256 and SHA-512. SHA-224 is a variant of SHA-256 with different starting values and truncated output. SHA-384 and the lesser-known SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256 are all variants of SHA-512. SHA-512 is more secure than SHA-256 and is commonly faster than SHA-256 on 64-bit machines such as AMD64.
[12] [10] [13] NIST formally deprecated use of SHA-1 in 2011 and disallowed its use for digital signatures in 2013, and declared that it should be phased out by 2030. [14] As of 2020, chosen-prefix attacks against SHA-1 are practical. [6] [8] As such, it is recommended to remove SHA-1 from products as soon as possible and instead use SHA-2 or ...
The algorithm starts with an initial value, the initialization vector (IV). The IV is a fixed value (algorithm- or implementation-specific). For each message block, the compression (or compacting) function f takes the result so far, combines it with the message block, and produces an intermediate result. The last block is padded with zeros as ...
Let hash(m) = x m mod n, where n is a hard-to-factor composite number, and x is some prespecified base value. A collision x m 1 ≡ x m 2 (mod n) reveals a multiple m 1 − m 2 of the multiplicative order of x modulo n. This information can be used to factor n in polynomial time, assuming certain properties of x.
Requires SHA-2 compatible OS [2] Needs ECC compatible OS [3] Not affected [10] Vulnerable (HTTPS) Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable (except Windows) Vulnerable Yes [n 10] 10–20 No [11] Yes Yes No No No Yes (only desktop) Requires SHA-2 compatible OS [2] Needs ECC compatible OS [3] Not affected Vulnerable (HTTPS/SPDY) Vulnerable Vulnerable ...