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5 km flight visibility, clear of cloud and in sight of the surface or, for an aircraft, other than a helicopter, operating at 140 kt or less: 1,500 m flight visibility, clear of cloud and in sight of the surface For helicopters: Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface at a speed which is commensurate with the visibility. [2]
Under visual meteorological conditions, the minimum visual range, distance from clouds, or cloud clearance requirements to be maintained above ground vary by jurisdiction, and may also vary according to the airspace in which the aircraft is operating. [4] In some countries, VFR flight is permitted at night, and is known as night VFR.
In some countries pilots are required to get an air traffic control (ATC) clearance, or in absence of a controller, advise the nearest flight service station or center. Pilots are required to adhere to VFR minima when climbing and descending over the clouds. Flight in cloud is not permitted. [1]
Flight under SVFR is only allowed in controlled airspace, and always requires clearance from air traffic control (ATC). [4] It usually happens when the aircraft is inside controlled airspace, and the local weather is less than the minimums required for flight under visual flight rules (VFR) within the airspace in question.
VFR visibility and cloud clearance requirements are the same as for class C and D airspaces when below 10,000 feet (3,000 m) MSL. Above 10,000 ft MSL, the visibility requirement is extended to 5 miles (8 km) and the cloud clearance requirement is extended to 1,000 feet (300 m) below clouds, 1,000 feet (300 m) above, and 1 mile (1.6 km) laterally.
VFR over-the-top is different from VFR-on-top, in that VFR-on-top is an IFR clearance that allows the pilot to fly VFR altitudes, while VFR over-the-top is strictly a VFR operation in which the pilot maintains VFR cloud clearance requirements while operating on top of an undercast layer. [2]
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A pilot's view of the runway just before landing in thick fog at night. In aviation, instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to flight instruments, and therefore under instrument flight rules (IFR), as opposed to flying by outside visual references under visual flight rules (VFR).