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Christian influences in Islam can be traced back to Eastern Christianity, which surrounded the origins of Islam. [1] Islam, emerging in the context of the Middle East that was largely Christian, was first seen as a Christological heresy known as the "heresy of the Ishmaelites", described as such in Concerning Heresy by Saint John of Damascus, a Syriac scholar.
While Christianity and Islam hold their recollections of Jesus's teachings as gospel and share narratives from the first five books of the Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible), the sacred text of Christianity also includes the later additions to the Bible while the primary sacred text of Islam instead is the Quran.
Islamic governance is the approach to leading Islamic nations and guiding their communities and organizations, all in line with the fundamental principles of Islam. [1] It can be viewed as a governance model that integrates Islamic values into the realms of administration , rule, management , and government .
Martin Kramer was one of the first experts to start using the term political Islam in 1980. In 2003, he stated that political Islam can also be seen as tautology because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics. [5] [6] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both ...
Islam [a] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, [9] the religion's founder. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number 1.9 billion worldwide and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians.
The constitution of Indonesia gives its people the freedom of worship according to their religion or belief. This is based on the state ideology of "Pancasila" whose first tenet, Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa, translates as "The One and Almighty God", implying that there is a supreme God that unites the nation. It does not specify any religion ...
Rationale for quietism may differ. they include agreement with the sayings above ("Obey God and obey the Apostle and those who have been given authority among you", "sixty years with an unjust imam is better than one night without a sultan") and the importance of obedience to authority; the belief that the duty of the Muslim public is ...
"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" (Sheri Berman); [9] the belief that Islam should influence political systems (Cambridge English Dictionary); [44] "the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity with the Islamic sharia", (W. E. Shepard); [11]