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The structure of the molecule of urea is O=C(−NH 2) 2.The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of sp 2 hybridization of the N orbitals. [8] [9] It is non-planar with C 2 symmetry when in the gas phase [10] or in aqueous solution, [9] with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the trigonal planar angle of 120° and the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°.
The tables below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at one atmosphere pressure.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Ammonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English); (NH 4) 2 SO 4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.
Ammonium nitrate: 59.4 Sodium nitrate: 72.4 Urea: 72.5 Ammonium chloride: 77.2 Ammonium sulfate: 79.2 Diammonium phosphate: 82.5 Potassium chloride: 84.0 Potassium nitrate: 90.5 Monoammonium phosphate: 91.6 Monocalcium phosphate: 93.6 Potassium sulfate: 96.3
In the U.K., fertilizer labeling regulations allow for reporting the elemental mass fractions of phosphorus and potassium.The regulations stipulate that this should be done in parentheses after the standard N-P-K values, as in "15-30-15 (15-13-13)".
Type II eutectics are identical to Type I eutectic in composition yet include the hydrated form of the metal halide. Type III eutectics consist of hydrogen bond acceptors such as quaternary ammonium salts (e.g. choline chloride) and hydrogen bond donors (e.g urea, ethylene glycol) and include the class of metal-free deep eutectic solvents.
A chaotropic agent is a substance which disrupts the structure of, and denatures, macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids (e.g. DNA and RNA).Chaotropic solutes increase the entropy of the system by interfering with intermolecular interactions mediated by non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects.