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Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition is a thin film fabrication technique. The films are formed by depositing alternating layers of complementary materials with wash steps in between. This can be accomplished by using various techniques such as immersion, spin, spray, electromagnetism, or fluidics. [1]
3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. [1] [2] [3] It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, [4] with the material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.
3D printing, also referred to as additive manufacturing (AM), involves manufacturing a part by depositing material layer by layer. [12] There is a wide array of different AM technologies that can do this, including material extrusion, binder jetting, material jetting and directed energy deposition. [13]
Another 3D printing approach is the selective fusing of materials in a granular bed. [30] The technique fuses parts of the layer and then moves upward in the working area, adding another layer of granules and repeating the process until the piece has built up.
Stereolithography (SLA or SL; also known as vat photopolymerisation, [1] optical fabrication, photo-solidification, or resin printing) is a form of 3D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts in a layer by layer fashion using photochemical processes by which light causes chemical monomers and ...
The height of the print head is the height of the nozzle relative to the printing platform. This parameter affects the surface quality between layers including bond strength, and must be precisely adjusted. A print head that is set too high will reduce the bond strength between layers, causing an unstable shape. [8]
Parts are manufactured by melting metal powder, layer by layer, with an electron beam in a high vacuum. This powder bed method produces fully dense metal parts directly from metal powder with characteristics of the target material. The EBM machine reads data from a 3D CAD model and lays down successive layers of powdered material.
The droplets of material are then immediately cured using a UV light source mounted to the print head. In contrast to the FFF printing process, a layer is not formed by moving the print head along a pre-calculated path, but by scanning the layer line by line. The Statasys J750, for example, allows for full colour prints.