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The Sun is gradually becoming hotter in its core, hotter at the surface, larger in radius, and more luminous during its time on the main sequence: since the beginning of its main sequence life, it has expanded in radius by 15% and the surface has increased in temperature from 5,620 K (9,660 °F) to 5,772 K (9,930 °F), resulting in a 48% ...
The Sun's photosphere has a temperature between 4,400 and 6,600 K (4,130 and 6,330 °C) (with an effective temperature of 5,772 K (5,499 °C)) [6] [7] meaning human eyes perceive it as an overwhelmingly bright surface, and with sufficiently strong neutral density filter, as a hueless, gray surface.
The core of the Sun is considered to extend from the center to about 0.2 of the solar radius (139,000 km; 86,000 mi). [1] It is the hottest part of the Sun and of the Solar System. It has a density of 150,000 kg/m 3 (150 g/cm 3) at the center, and a temperature of 15 million kelvins (15 million degrees Celsius; 27 million degrees Fahrenheit). [2]
The Solar Orbiter mission has captured the highest-resolution views of the sun’s surface to date, showcasing massive sunspots related to increasing solar activity. ... with sizzling temperatures ...
The effective temperature of the Sun (5778 kelvins) is the temperature a black body of the same size must have to yield the same total emissive power. The effective temperature of a star is the temperature of a black body with the same luminosity per surface area (F Bol) as the star and is defined according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law F Bol ...
As a result, the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases, and with it, surface temperature, causing the surface area through which the magnetic field passes to look dark against the bright background of photospheric granules. Sunspots initially appear in the photosphere as small darkened spots lacking a penumbra.
The Sun's corona is much hotter (by a factor from 150 to 450) than the visible surface of the Sun: the corona's temperature is 1 to 3 million kelvin compared to the photosphere's average temperature – around 5 800 kelvin. The corona is far less dense than the photosphere, and produces about one-millionth as much visible light.
The Sun has an intrinsic luminosity of 3.83 ... =, where A is the surface area, T is the temperature (in kelvins) and σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann ...