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In February 2007, the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation was contracted by the South African ANC government to carry out a study on the nature of crime in South Africa. The study pointed out different factors which contributed to high levels of violence. [18] Violent and non-violent crimes in South Africa have been ascribed to:
Several factors have been identified as the source of outbreaks of communal violence among populations living in close proximity to each other. These include: [2] Colonial Policies; Political Instigation; Availability of Land; Access to water and pasture resources; Loss of traditional grazing land; Cattle raiding in Kenya
The distinct factors and causes of this high percentage have often not been studied due to lack of data. [2] Factors such as low levels of education, religion, and socioeconomic status all are relevant when looking at the causes of domestic violence in Kenya. [2] Sexual coercion is prevalent in Kenya and often leads to abuse as well. [4]
Communal violence is found in Africa, [4] [5] the Americas, [6] [7] Asia, [8] [9] Europe [10] and Oceania. [11] The term "communal violence" was coined by European colonial authorities as they wrestled to manage outbreaks of violence between religious, ethnic and disparate groups in their colonies, particularly Africa and South Asia, in early ...
In The Geography of Ethnic Violence, Monica Duffy Toft shows how ethnic group settlement patterns, socially constructed identities, charismatic leaders, issue indivisibility, and state concern with precedent setting can lead rational actors to escalate a dispute to violence, even when doing so is likely to leave contending groups much worse off ...
"A Tale of Two Townships: Political Opportunity, Violent and Non-Violent Local Control in South Africa", Alex Park's paper exploring causal factors of the 2008 violence "Broke-on-Broke Violence": What the U.S. press got wrong about South Africa's xenophobic riots , By Kerry Chance, Slate Magazine , 20 June 2008
Communal conflicts in Nigeria [3] can be divided into two broad categories: [4] [dubious – discuss]. Ethno-religious conflicts, attributed to actors primarily divided by cultural, ethnic, or religious communities and identities, such as instances of religious violence between Christian and Muslim communities.
In recent years, there has been a rise in Afrophobic hate speech and violence in Europe and the United States. This has been attributed to a number of factors, including the growth of the African diaspora in these regions, the increase in refugees and migrants from Africa, and the rise of far-right and populist political parties. [5] [6]