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The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection. [1] HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus , Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus ...
One notable exception is in cases of endocarditis (heart valve infection), which can be more refractory to treatment. K. kingae is the fifth member of the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that cause endocarditis. Routine laboratory tests may be normal because the organism is difficult to culture.
Cardiobacterium valvarum is a Gram-negative species of bacteria belonging to the Cardiobacterium genus. It belongs to the HACEK group of fastidious bacteria that are present in normal oropharyngeal flora and can develop into infective endocarditis.
HACEK endocarditis targets patients with a prior heart disease or artificial valves with often an insidious course showing a diagnosis delay of 3 months. [18] Fastidious Gram-negative bacteria such as Cardiobacterium hominis along with Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae mainly inhabiting in the oral and upper respiratory tract in humans ...
Cardiobacterium is a Gram-negative bacillus (rod-shaped) bacterium commonly grouped with other bacteria into the HACEK group. Species of Cardiobacterium include Cardiobacterium hominis and Cardiobacterium valvarum.
Natural genetic transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence. In H. parainfluenzae, competence is induced during the late stationary phase of growth. [3]
HACEK group of bacteria are also rare causes of infective endocarditis in North America. [24] The viridans group includes S. oralis, S. mitis, S. sanguis, S. gordonii and S. parasanguis. The primary habitats for these organisms are the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. [25]
It is an unusual cause of infection and when it is cultured, it is most usually found mixed with other organisms. Infections most commonly occur in patients with cancers of the head and neck, [ 10 ] but can occur in human bite infections, especially " reverse bite ", " fight bite ", or " clenched fist injuries ". [ 11 ]