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The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection. [1] HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus , Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobacillus ...
Cardiobacterium valvarum is a Gram-negative species of bacteria belonging to the Cardiobacterium genus. It belongs to the HACEK group of fastidious bacteria that are present in normal oropharyngeal flora and can develop into infective endocarditis.
One notable exception is in cases of endocarditis (heart valve infection), which can be more refractory to treatment. K. kingae is the fifth member of the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that cause endocarditis. Routine laboratory tests may be normal because the organism is difficult to culture.
Specifically, the damaged part of a heart valve forms a local blood clot, a condition known as non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). The platelet and fibrin deposits that form as part of the blood clotting process allow bacteria to take hold and form vegetations. As previously mentioned, the body has no direct methods of combating ...
Cardiobacterium is a Gram-negative bacillus (rod-shaped) bacterium commonly grouped with other bacteria into the HACEK group. Species of Cardiobacterium include Cardiobacterium hominis and Cardiobacterium valvarum.
Cardiobacterium hominis was originally discovered in 1962 based on analysis of four cases of Infective endocarditis over ten months. [5] Upon its first isolation, researchers described Cardiobacterium hominis, which was unrecognized then, as a Pasteurella-like organism and categorized as group "II-D" by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Natural genetic transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence. In H. parainfluenzae, competence is induced during the late stationary phase of growth. [3]
It is an unusual cause of infection and when it is cultured, it is most usually found mixed with other organisms. Infections most commonly occur in patients with cancers of the head and neck, [ 10 ] but can occur in human bite infections, especially " reverse bite ", " fight bite ", or " clenched fist injuries ". [ 11 ]