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In chemistry, bond order is a formal measure of the multiplicity of a covalent bond between two atoms. As introduced by Linus Pauling, bond order is defined as the difference between the numbers of electron pairs in bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. Bond order gives a rough indication of the stability of a bond.
The hydroxyl radical, •HO, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (HO –). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry. Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry, by the reaction ...
The bond order corresponds to the edge multiplicity, and as a result, chemical graphs are vertex and edge-labelled graphs. A vertex and edge-labelled graph = (,) is described as a chemical graph where is the set of vertices, i.e., atoms, and is the set of edges, which represents the bonds.
The bond angle for water is 104.5°. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory (/ ˈvɛspər, vəˈsɛpər / VESP-ər, [ 1 ]: 410və-SEP-ər[ 2 ]) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. [ 3 ] It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm ...
SMILES generation algorithm for ciprofloxacin: break cycles, then write as branches off a main backbone. The Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a specification in the form of a line notation for describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. SMILES strings can be imported by most molecule editors ...
Another shorthand structural diagram is the skeletal formula (also known as a bond-line formula or carbon skeleton diagram). In a skeletal formula, carbon atoms are not signified by the symbol C but by the vertices of the lines. Hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon are not shown—they can be inferred by counting the number of bonds to a particular ...
Under the framework of valence bond theory, resonance is an extension of the idea that the bonding in a chemical species can be described by a Lewis structure. For many chemical species, a single Lewis structure, consisting of atoms obeying the octet rule, possibly bearing formal charges, and connected by bonds of positive integer order, is sufficient for describing the chemical bonding and ...
Ozone (/ ˈoʊzoʊn /) (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O. 3. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope O. 2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O.