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The term "ganglion" refers to the peripheral nervous system. [ 1 ] However, in the brain (part of the central nervous system ), the basal ganglia are a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex , thalamus , and brainstem , associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions, and learning.
Afferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the body to the brain and spinal cord, while efferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The cell bodies create long sympathetic chains that are on either side of the spinal cord. They also form para- or pre-vertebral ganglia of gross anatomy.
The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies for sensory nerves including large, myelinated Aβ fibers which carry proprioception and tactile touch sensation to the brain via the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway and small, unmyelinated C fibers which carry thermal and pain sensation to the brain via the spinothalamic tract. [2]
The indications for ganglion impar blockade are based on the anatomical location of pain and include various conditions such as perineal pain (with or without malignancy), rectal/anal pain (proctitis), distal urethral pain, vulvodynia, scrotal pain, female pelvic/vaginal pain (distal 1/3), sympathetically-maintained pain (e.g., Complex Regional ...
A tumor near the spinal cord may cause spinal deformity or spinal compression, leading to pain and loss of muscle control or sensation in the legs and/or arms. [4] These tumors may produce certain hormones, which can cause diarrhea, an enlarged clitoris (in females), high blood pressure, increased body hair, and sweating. [4]
Superiorly, it is continuous with thoracic sympathetic ganglion and inferiorly continuous with sacral sympathetic ganglion. Presynaptic neurons traveling from the spinal cord terminate in the paravertebral ganglia (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral) or the prevertebral ganglia.
In the abdomen, general visceral afferent fibers usually accompany sympathetic efferent fibers. This means that a signal traveling in an afferent fiber will begin at sensory receptors in the afferent fiber's target organ, travel up to the ganglion where the sympathetic efferent fiber synapses, continue back along a splanchnic nerve from the ganglion into the sympathetic trunk, move into a ...
Constipation or diarrhea, emesis, anorexia, early satiety, and abdominal pain are common symptoms of gastrointestinal dysmotility, which affects 70% of patients. [ 1 ] Although about a quarter of patients report neuropathic symptoms such as tingling in the distal extremities, sensory examination and nerve conduction studies are normal.