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In 1571, the Spanish captured Manila and established a colony in the Philippines, reducing the Sultanate of Brunei's power. [94] After the fall of Malacca to Portugal, the Johor Sultanate on the southern Malay Peninsula and the Sultanate of Aceh on northern Sumatra moved to fill the power vacuum left behind. [52]
Spanish East Indies (now the Philippines) – Spanish colony from 1565 to 1898 (now Indonesia) – Dutch colony from 1602 to 1949 (included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962) Portuguese Insulíndia – Former Portuguese colony/possessions from 1522 to 1605 until Dutch East India Company takeover. British Malaya (now part of Malaysia and Singapore):
The European countries which had the most colonies throughout history were: ... Malaysia; British Malaya. ... Spanish colonial empire;
In 1597, the Spanish (Castilian) crown lost the Netherlands (Holland). In 1640, Portugal split away after Philip II had incorporated it to its domains in 1581. A second independence tide came about following the Independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America and the Battle of Trafalgar that heralded the end of the Spanish Atlantic hegemony.
Extent of colonization by European, American, Ottoman, and Japanese powers, 1492-1991 Map of the year each country achieved independence. The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Turks, Han Chinese, and Arabs.
Dutch, British, Spanish, Portuguese colonies and Russian territories in Asia: Dutch India (1605–1825) Dutch Bengal; Dutch Ceylon (1656–1796) Portuguese Ceylon (1505–1658) Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) – Dutch colony from 1602 to 1949 (included Dutch New Guinea until 1962) Portuguese India (1510–1961)
French colonies in South and Southeast Asia: French India (1769–1954) French Indochina (1887–1953), including: French Cambodia (1863–1953) French Laos (1893–1953) French Cochinchine, Annam and Tonkin (1862–1949, now Vietnam) Guangzhouwan (1898–1945) Dutch, British, Portuguese colonies and Russian territories in Asia: Dutch India ...
Ñ-shaped animation showing flags of some countries and territories where Spanish is spoken. Spanish is the official language (either by law or de facto) in 20 sovereign states (including Equatorial Guinea, where it is official but not a native language), one dependent territory, and one partially recognized state, totaling around 442 million people.