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In the Western world, early modern philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkeley discussed religious topics alongside secular philosophical issues as well. [2] The philosophy of religion has been distinguished from theology by pointing out that, for theology, "its critical reflections are based on religious convictions". [9]
This is a list of philosophers of religion. This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources .
Religious philosophy influences many aspects of an individual's conception and outlook on life. For example, empirical studies concentrating on the philosophical concept of spirituality at or near the end of life, conducted in India, found that individuals who follow Indian philosophical concepts are influenced by these concepts in their ...
The most prominent example of this new method of conceptual analysis is Russell's 1905 paper "On Denoting", a paper that is widely seen to be the exemplar of the analytic program in philosophy. [20] Although contemporary philosophers who self-identify as "analytic" have widely divergent interests, assumptions, and methods—and have often ...
The philosophy of religion investigates the basic concepts, assumptions, and arguments associated with religion. It critically reflects on what religion is, how to define the divine, and whether one or more gods exist. It also includes the discussion of worldviews that reject religious doctrines. [143]
Hence, non-religious spirituality is more open-ended than religious spiritual philosophy, as one’s spirituality not being based primarily on religious teachings and texts. [23] A contemporary example is the spiritual philosophy outlined in The Book of Eden by poet and philosopher, Athol Williams .
The history of continental philosophy (taken in the narrower sense of "late modern/contemporary continental philosophy") is usually thought to begin with German idealism. [ i ] Led by figures like Fichte , Schelling , and later Hegel , German idealism developed out of the work of Immanuel Kant in the 1780s and 1790s and was closely linked with ...
Pantheism is the philosophical and religious belief that reality, the universe, and nature are identical to divinity or a supreme entity. [1] The physical universe is thus understood as an immanent deity, still expanding and creating, which has existed since the beginning of time. [2]