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Guidelines on the choice of agents and how best to step up treatment for various subgroups in hypertension (high blood pressure) have changed over time and differ between countries. A Comparison of International Guidelines on Goal Blood Pressure and Initial Therapy for Adults With Hypertension (adapted from JNC 8 guidelines [ 1 ] )
A hypertensive emergency is not based solely on an absolute level of blood pressure, but also on a patient's baseline blood pressure before the hypertensive crisis occurs. Individuals with a history of chronic hypertension may not tolerate a "normal" blood pressure, and can therefore present symptomatically with hypotension , including fatigue ...
Guidelines for treating resistant hypertension have been published in the UK [45] and US. [46] It has been proposed that a proportion of resistant hypertension may be the result of chronic high activity of the autonomic nervous system, known as "neurogenic hypertension". [47] Low adherence to treatment is an important cause of resistant ...
In hypertensive emergency, there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs. [30] [31] The most affected organs include the brain, kidney, heart and lungs, producing symptoms which may include confusion, drowsiness, chest pain and breathlessness. [29] In hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure must be reduced more rapidly to stop ...
Blood pressure measurements can be influenced by circumstances of measurement. [10] Guidelines use different thresholds for office (also known as clinic), home (when the person measures their own blood pressure at home), and ambulatory blood pressure (using an automated device over a 24-hour period).
Other symptoms accompanying a hypertensive crisis may include visual deterioration due to retinopathy, breathlessness due to heart failure, or a general feeling of malaise due to kidney failure. [3] Most people with a hypertensive crisis are known to have elevated blood pressure, but additional triggers may have led to a sudden rise. [4]
For patients with long-standing hypertension, patient education on the importance of consistently taking prescribed medications and keeping blood pressure well-controlled is critical. [2] Additionally, future treatments may focus not only on blood pressure control but also the reduction of local inflammation that can lead to end organ damage. [4]
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]