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The nucleophilic lysine residue is commonly targeted site in protein bioconjugation, typically through amine-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) esters. [3] To obtain optimal number of deprotonated lysine residues, the pH of the aqueous solution must be below the pKa of the lysine ammonium group, which is around 10.5, so the typical pH of the reaction is about 8 and 9.
[8] [9] [10] In modern chemistry , the p stands for "the negative decimal logarithm of ", and is used in the term p K a for acid dissociation constants , [ 11 ] so pH is "the negative decimal logarithm of H + ion concentration", while pOH is "the negative decimal logarithm of OH- ion concentration".
The seventh member of group 18 is oganesson, an unstable synthetic element whose chemistry is still uncertain because only five very short-lived atoms (t 1/2 = 0.69 ms) have ever been synthesized (as of 2020 [3]).
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Their main use is for high-speed plating where high current densities are required. Drawbacks to the fluoroborate chemistry include lower throwing power than acid sulfate baths, higher cost to operate, and greater safety hazards and waste treatment concerns. [2] Acid fluoroborate baths contain cupric tetrafluoroborate and fluoroboric acid.
For example, in base-2 scientific notation, the number 1001 b in binary (=9 d) is written as 1.001 b × 2 d 11 b or 1.001 b × 10 b 11 b using binary numbers (or shorter 1.001 × 10 11 if binary context is obvious).
When the MKK classification scheme was first described in 1943, the only subtypes of class O used were O5 to O9.5. [72] The MKK scheme was extended to O9.7 in 1971 [ 73 ] and O4 in 1978, [ 74 ] and new classification schemes that add types O2, O3, and O3.5 have subsequently been introduced.
The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was a chemical accident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.