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An affirmative defense to a civil lawsuit or criminal charge is a fact or set of facts other than those alleged by the plaintiff or prosecutor which, if proven by the defendant, defeats or mitigates the legal consequences of the defendant's otherwise unlawful conduct.
A demurrer is commonly filed by a defendant in response to a complaint filed by the plaintiff.A demurrer to a complaint can terminate a lawsuit. Although a plaintiff may demur to a defendant's answer to a complaint or the defendant's affirmative defenses, a demurrer to an answer is less common because it may be a poor strategic move.
Rule 8(c) requires that the defendant's answer must state any affirmative defenses. Rule 8(d) maintains that each allegation be "simple, concise, and direct" but allows "2 or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or hypothetically." If a party makes alternative statements, the pleading is sufficient if any one of them is sufficient.
Notice pleading is the dominant form of pleading used in the United States today. [2] In 1938, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were adopted. One goal of these rules was to relax the strict rules of code pleading.
"The Odd State of Twiqbal Plausibility in Pleading Affirmative Defenses". Washington and Lee Law Review. 70 (3): 1573 et seq. Spencer, A Benjamin (2013). "Pleading and Access to Civil Justice: A Response to Twiqbal Apologists" (PDF). UCLA Law Review. 60: 1710 et seq.
In a civil proceeding or criminal prosecution under the common law or under statute, a defendant may raise a defense (or defence) [a] in an effort to avert civil liability or criminal conviction. A defense is put forward by a party to defeat a suit or action brought against the party, and may be based on legal grounds or on factual claims.
In law, a reply is a legal document written by a party specifically replying to a responsive declaration and in some cases an answer.A reply may be written when a party or non-moving party (the party who is not requesting relief from the court) is asserting a counterclaim or the court has ordered a reply.
The claimant's defence to the counterclaim should be included in the same document ('Reply and Defence to Counterclaim') as the reply and shouldfollow on from the reply. [11] A claim for contribution or indemnity against another party is made by serving and filing a notice containing a statement of the nature and grounds of the claim. [12]