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A lung nodule or pulmonary nodule is a relatively small focal density in the lung. A solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) or coin lesion, [1] is a mass in the lung smaller than three centimeters in diameter. A pulmonary micronodule has a diameter of less than three millimetres. [2] There may also be multiple nodules. One or more lung nodules can be ...
An autonomous thyroid nodule or "hot nodule" is one that has thyroid function independent of the homeostatic control of the HPT axis (hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis). According to a 1993 article, such nodules need to be treated only if they become toxic; surgical excision (thyroidectomy), radioiodine therapy, or both may be used. [32]
Some experts [13] recommend that nodules > 1 cm (unless the TSH is suppressed) or those with ultrasonographic features of malignancy should be biopsied by fine needle aspiration. Computed tomography is inferior to ultrasound for evaluating thyroid nodules. [14] Ultrasonographic markers of malignancy are: [15] solid hypoechoic appearance
The thyroid ultrasound is also very effective to discover microcarcinomas, which refer to very small carcinomas (<1 cm). Papillary thyroid carcinomas are also discovered when a hard nodule is found in multinodular goiter, when enlarged cervical lymph nodes are detected, or when there are unidentified metastatic lesions elsewhere in the body. [5]
Unlike extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, limited-stage small cell lung cancer is potentially curable. [4] In limited small cell lung cancer, the median overall survival time is approximately 12–16 months, with five year survival rate of approximately 26% and long-term survival rate of approximately 4–5%. [19]
A similar study of 40 patients issued in the European Respiratory Journal resulted in an overall 62.5% diagnostic yield and concluded; "electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy without additional fluoroscopic guidance is a safe and efficient technique for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules. The overall diagnostic yield found in the ...