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Ninety-five Theses The 1517 Nuremberg printing of Ninety-five Theses, now housed at the Berlin State Library Author Martin Luther Original title Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum [a] Language Latin Publication date 31 October 1517 Publication place Germany Original text Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum [a] at Latin Wikisource Translation Ninety-five Theses ...
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The Heidelberg 28 theses were the basis of the disputation and represented a significant evolution from the 95 theses of the previous year from a simple dispute about the theology behind indulgences to a fuller, Augustinian theology of sovereign grace. [5]
Therefore, the list of condemned propositions draws in large part upon the material with which Eck was personally familiar, including the 95 Theses, the lists of censures against Luther issued by the universities at Cologne and Leuven which Eck had brought with him to Rome, and Luther's Resolutiones [12] (a detailed exposition of the 95 Theses ...
Many of the usages fundamental to Luther, Melanchthon and Calvin, such as the forensic imputation of righteousness, grace as divine favour or mercy (rather than a medicine-like substance [note 64] or habit), faith as trust (rather than a persuasion only), "repentance" over "doing penance" (as used by Luther in the first theses of the 95 Theses ...
Karlstadt, the dean of the Wittenberg theological faculty, felt that he had to defend Luther against Eck's critical commentary on the 95 Theses and so challenged Johann Eck, a professor of theology at the University of Ingolstadt, to a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.
Luther first believed that the problems with the church lay with the curia around the Pope but not the Pope himself. Even after nailing the 95 theses he still had hope that the Pope would accept his theses. However later Luther developed his critical approach against the papacy, especially after his excommunication in 1521. [3]
Stimuli et clavi i. e. theses adversus huius temporis errores et abusus (German: Spieße und Nägel d.i. Streitsätze wider die Irrnisse und Wirrnisse unserer Zeit; English: Goads and Nails, that is, Theses Against Errors and Abuses of This Time) are 95 theses published by North German Lutheran pastor Heinrich Hansen at the Reformation jubilee of 1917.