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Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to the leaves. [1] Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. [ 2 ] The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis .
In a study done on the use of phosphorus nano-fertilizers, absorption efficiencies of up to 90.6% were achieved, making them a highly desirable fertilizer material. [8] Another beneficial aspect of using nanofertilizers is the ability to provide slow release of nutrients into the plant over a 40-50 day time period, rather than the 4-10 day ...
The use of inorganic selenium fertilizers can increase selenium concentrations in edible crops and animal diets thereby improving animal health. [31] It is useful to apply a high phosphorus content fertilizer, such as bone meal, to perennials to help with successful root formation. [6]
Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles. [1] General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. [2]
Agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021 was 195 million tonnes of nutrients, of which 56% was nitrogen. [20] Asia represented 53% of the world's total agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021, followed by the Americas (29%), Europe (12%), Africa (4%) and Oceania (2%). This ranking of the regions is the same for all nutrients.
The artificial solution described by Dennis Hoagland in 1933, [1] known as Hoagland solution (0), has been modified several times, mainly to add ferric chelates to keep iron effectively in solution, [6] and to optimize the composition and concentration of other trace elements, some of which are not generally credited with a function in plant nutrition. [7]
Through photosynthesis, plants use CO 2 from the atmosphere, water from the ground, and energy from the sun to create sugars used for growth and fuel. [22] While using these sugars as fuel releases carbon back into the atmosphere (photorespiration), growth stores carbon in the physical structures of the plant (i.e. leaves, wood, or non-woody stems). [23]
Global production of seaweed fertilizer largely phased out when chemical fertilizers were developed in the 1920s, due to the cheaper production cost. [25] [21] [26] Chemical fertilizers revolutionized the agriculture industry and allowed the human population to grow far beyond the limits of traditional food production methods.