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Some companies also offer software with which the street lights can be monitored and managed wirelessly. Clients, or other companies, can access the software from a computer, or even a tablet. From this software, they can gather data, pre-set levels of brightness and dimming time; receive warning signals when a light defects. [9] [10] [11] [12]
It was originally a protocol for smart street lighting, but later expanded to include other smart city applications. [2] The protocol is considered a global standard for smart city / IoT [ 1 ] [ 3 ] and the authority of the TALQ standard has been acknowledged internationally.
Romanian and US research teams believe that the time spent by motorists waiting for lights to change could be reduced by over 28% with the introduction of smart traffic lights, and that CO 2 emissions could be cut by as much as 6.5%. [4] A major use of Smart traffic lights could be as part of public transport systems.
Contiki is an operating system for networked, memory-constrained systems with a focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Contiki is used for systems for street lighting, sound monitoring for smart cities, radiation monitoring and alarms. [1] It is open-source software released under the BSD-3-Clause license.
Early home automation began with labor-saving machines. Self-contained electric or gas powered home appliances became viable in the 1900s with the introduction of electric power distribution [3] and led to the introduction of washing machines (1904), water heaters (1889), refrigerators (1913), sewing machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers.
Smart highways and smart roads [1] are highways and roads that incorporate electronic technologies. They are used to improve the operation of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs [ 2 ] ), for traffic lights and street lighting , and for monitoring the condition of the road, as well as traffic levels and the speed of vehicles.
One of the main factors that hindering people from adopting and use Internet of things (IoT) based products and services is its complexity. [184] Installation and setup is a challenge to people, therefore, there is a need for IoT devices to mix match and configure themselves automatically to provide different services at different situation.
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller (MCU) and developed by Arduino.cc and initially released in 2010. [2] [3] The microcontroller board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. [1]