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  2. Orders of magnitude (energy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)

    Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10 −5 eV) [4] [5] 10 −23 2×10 −23 J: Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin [6] [7] 10 −22 2–3000×10 −22 J Energy of infrared light photons [8] 10 − ...

  3. Joule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule

    The energy required to accelerate a 1 kg mass at 1 m/s 2 through a distance of 1 m. The kinetic energy of a 2 kg mass travelling at 1 m/s, or a 1 kg mass travelling at 1.41 m/s. The energy required to lift an apple up 1 m, assuming the apple has a mass of 101.97 g. The heat required to raise the temperature of 0.239 g of water from 0 °C to 1 ...

  4. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    The energy and entropy of unpolarized blackbody thermal radiation, is calculated using the spectral energy and entropy radiance expressions derived by Max Planck [63] using equilibrium statistical mechanics, = ⁡ (), = ((+) ⁡ (+) ⁡ ()) where c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, h is the Planck constant, ν is frequency ...

  5. Conservation of energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 12 January 2025. Law of physics and chemistry This article is about the law of conservation of energy in physics. For sustainable energy resources, see Energy conservation. Part of a series on Continuum mechanics J = − D d φ d x {\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}} Fick's laws of diffusion Laws ...

  6. Dynamic pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_pressure

    The three terms are used to define the state of a closed system of an incompressible, constant-density fluid. When the dynamic pressure is divided by the product of fluid density and acceleration due to gravity, g , the result is called velocity head , which is used in head equations like the one used for pressure head and hydraulic head .

  7. Newton (unit) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)

    A newton is defined as 1 kg⋅m/s 2 (it is a named derived unit defined in terms of the SI base units). [1]: 137 One newton is, therefore, the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force.

  8. Entropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

    The constant of proportionality is the Boltzmann constant. The Boltzmann constant, and therefore entropy, have dimensions of energy divided by temperature, which has a unit of joules per kelvin (J⋅K −1) in the International System of Units (or kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2 ⋅K −1 in terms of base units).

  9. Historical definitions of the SI base units - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_definitions_of...

    The 1960 definition of the standard metre in terms of wavelengths of a specific emission of the krypton-86 atom was replaced in 1983 with the distance that light travels in vacuum in exactly ⁠ 1 / 299 792 458 ⁠ second, so that the speed of light is now an exactly specified constant of nature.