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  2. Null object pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_object_pattern

    The class null is a subclass of the symbol class, because nil is a symbol. Since nil also represents the empty list, null is a subclass of the list class, too. Methods parameters specialized to symbol or list will thus take a nil argument. Of course, a null specialization can still be defined which is a more specific match for nil.

  3. Marker interface pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_interface_pattern

    In .NET, they are called "custom attributes", in Java they are called "annotations". Despite the different name, they are conceptually the same thing. They can be defined on classes, member variables, methods, and method parameters and may be accessed using reflection. In Python, the term "marker interface" is common in Zope and Plone.

  4. Metaclass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaclass

    Class is the base of the metaclasses that provides common methods for all classes (though it is not a metaclass itself); "a class" is something like Integer, or Widget, or Car, etc. Metaclass provides common methods for all metaclasses. Four classes provide the facilities to describe new classes.

  5. Python (programming language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

    It is possible to write Snek programs that run under a full Python system, but most Python programs will not run under Snek." [158] It is an imperative language not including OOP / classes, unlike Python, and simplifying to one number type with 32-bit single-precision (similar to JavaScript, except smaller).

  6. Breadth-first search - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search

    Input: A graph G and a starting vertex root of G. Output: Goal state.The parent links trace the shortest path back to root [9]. 1 procedure BFS(G, root) is 2 let Q be a queue 3 label root as explored 4 Q.enqueue(root) 5 while Q is not empty do 6 v := Q.dequeue() 7 if v is the goal then 8 return v 9 for all edges from v to w in G.adjacentEdges(v) do 10 if w is not labeled as explored then 11 ...

  7. Class-based programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-based_programming

    In class-based programming, inheritance is done by defining new classes as extensions of existing classes: the existing class is the parent class and the new class is the child class. If a child class has only one parent class, this is known as single inheritance , while if a child class can have more than one parent class, this is known as ...

  8. Class (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)

    In object-oriented programming, a class defines the shared aspects of objects created from the class. The capabilities of a class differ between programming languages, but generally the shared aspects consist of state and behavior that are each either associated with a particular object or with all objects of that class.

  9. Queue (abstract data type) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)

    This discussion will be technical, so recall that, for a list, | | denotes its length, that NIL represents an empty list and ⁡ (,) represents the list whose head is h and whose tail is t. The data structure used to implement our queues consists of three singly-linked lists ( f , r , s ) {\displaystyle (f,r,s)} where f is the front of the ...