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The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, [1] [a] is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material. The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner nuclear membrane and an outer nuclear membrane. [ 4 ]
The nuclear pore complex (NPC), is a large protein complex giving rise to the nuclear pore. Nuclear pores are found in the nuclear envelope that surrounds the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells . The nuclear envelope is studded by a great number of nuclear pores that give access to various molecules, to and from the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.
It is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane. [2] The nucleoplasm resembles the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell in that it is a gel-like substance found within a membrane, although the nucleoplasm only fills out the space in the nucleus and has its own unique functions.
The nuclear envelope consists of two membranes, an inner and an outer nuclear membrane, perforated by nuclear pores. [ 10 ] : 649 Together, these membranes serve to separate the cell's genetic material from the rest of the cell contents, and allow the nucleus to maintain an environment distinct from the rest of the cell.
The nuclear lamina lies on the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane (INM), where it serves to maintain nuclear stability, organize chromatin and bind nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and a steadily growing list of nuclear envelope proteins (purple) and transcription factors (pink).
Inner nuclear membrane proteins structure. Amino-termini (N) and carboxy-termini (C) are indicated in red. Adapted from Holmer and Worman (2001) [1] Inner nuclear membrane proteins (INM proteins) are membrane proteins that are embedded in or associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation, [1] macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association with transport factors known as nuclear transport receptors, like karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit.
Within the perinuclear space (between inner and outer nuclear membranes) are SUN-1 and -2 which form connections with the KASH domain proteins on nesprin and the nuclear envelope lumen. [3] Interestingly, the removal of either SUN -1 or -2 individually will not disrupt LINC complex connectivity, indicating the similarity between the two proteins.