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The term flashbulb memory was coined by Roger Brown and James Kulik in 1977. [2] They formed the special-mechanism hypothesis, which argues for the existence of a special biological memory mechanism that, when triggered by an event exceeding critical levels of surprise and consequentiality, creates a permanent record of the details and circumstances surrounding the experience. [2]
The Now Print! theory, first proposed by Robert B. Livingston in 1967, is an attempt to explain the neurobiology underlying the flashbulb memory phenomenon. The theory argues that a special mechanism exists in the brain, which issues a now print! order to preserve moments of great personal significance.
Flashbulb memory is one example of this. Flashbulb memory is event-specific, which consists of depictions of personal experiences. For example, saying "I remember seeing Grandma smile when I gave her the present", or remembering the detailed events of the tragedy of 9/11. This idea of flashbulb memory was proposed by R. Brown and Kulik (1977 ...
A Flashbulb memory is said to be less accurate and less permanent than photographic memories, but its forgetting curve is less affected by time in comparing to other types of memories. [50] One important aspect of flashbulb memory is that it involves emotional arousal when the event is being remembered.
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These memories have been tested in different ways, including measuring the ability to recall details of the event and the impact of additional cues on the recall of the event. [36] Denver, Lane and Cherry found that flashbulb memories that took place in the reminiscence bump were exceptionally vivid and easily accessible. [36]
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Flashbulb memories are clear episodic memories of unique and highly emotional events. [55] People remembering where they were or what they were doing when they first heard the news of President Kennedy 's assassination , [ 56 ] the Sydney Siege or of 9/11 are examples of flashbulb memories.