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Psychological projection is a defence mechanism of alterity concerning "inside" content mistaken to be coming from the "outside" Other. [1] It forms the basis of empathy by the projection of personal experiences to understand someone else's subjective world. [ 1 ]
Ego psychology is a school of psychoanalysis rooted in Sigmund Freud's structural id-ego ... they are considered primitive defenses and include projection, ...
In the first definitive book on defence mechanisms, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), [7] Anna Freud enumerated the ten defence mechanisms that appear in the works of her father, Sigmund Freud: repression, regression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against one's own person, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation or displacement.
Likewise, the ego must, at times, conform to the desires of the id. Finally, the ego is a "modified portion" of the id that can perceive the empirical world (29). It is this idea of perception that leads Freud to call the ego a "body-ego" (31)—a mental projection of the surface of one's physical body.
The Ego has the function of self-preservation, which is why it has the ability to control the instinctual demands from the Id. "The ego is first and foremost a bodily ego; it is not merely a surface entity but is itself the projection of a surface.
In Freudian terms, introjection is the aspect of the ego's system of relational mechanisms which handles checks and balances from a perspective external to what one normally considers 'oneself', infolding these inputs into the internal world of the self-definitions, where they can be weighed and balanced against one's various senses of externality.
Projective identification is a term introduced by Melanie Klein and then widely adopted in psychoanalytic psychotherapy.Projective identification may be used as a type of defense, a means of communicating, a primitive form of relationship, or a route to psychological change; [1] used for ridding the self of unwanted parts or for controlling the other's body and mind.
Such ego regression is a pre-condition for empathy'. [22] Demonstration of pain, impairment, etc. also relates to regression. When regression becomes the cornerstone of a personality and the life strategy for overcoming problems, it leads to such an infantile personality. [23]