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The formation of syncytiotrophoblast from cytotrophoblast is a terminal differentiation step of trophoblastic cells. [ 2 ] Syncytialization of cytotrophoblastic cells can be induced in vitro through multiple signalling molecules including epidermal growth factor , glucocorticoids , and human chorionic gonadotropin .
Image showing trophoblast differentiated into the two layers of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation. It is the outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, during implantation, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material ...
The cytotrophoblast is a layer of mono-nucleated cells that resides underneath the syncytiotrophoblast. [6] The syncytiotrophoblast is composed of fused cytotrophoblasts which then form a layer that covers the placental surface. [6] The syncytiotrophoblast is in direct contact with the maternal blood that reaches the placental surface.
The cytotrophoblast contains cuboidal epithelial cells and is the source of dividing cells, and the syncytiotrophoblast is a syncytial layer without cell boundaries. The syncytiotrophoblast implants the blastocyst in the decidual epithelium by projections of chorionic villi, forming the embryonic part of the placenta. The placenta develops once ...
[58] [59] [60] By day 13 the penetration site in the endometrium has usually been closed by a fibrin plug but increased blood flow into the syncytiotrophoblast spaces can sometimes cause bleeding at that site. [58] Implantation bleeding may be accompanied by symptoms such as cramping, nausea, breast tenderness, and headaches. [61]
After implantation, syncytiotrophoblast is the outermost layer of the trophoblast. These cells secrete proteolytic enzymes to break down the endometrial extracellular matrix to allow for implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.
Uterine milk is part of the embryotroph. It is a white secretion containing proteins and amino acids that nourishes the embryo during development. The uterine milk is the actual nutritional liquid that feeds the embryo, while the embryotroph is the uterine milk plus the syncytiotrophoblast.
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), are one form of differentiated trophoblast cells of the placenta.They are invasive mesenchymal cells which function to establish critical tissue connection in the developing placental-uterine interface.