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In organic chemistry, ammoxidation is a process for the production of nitriles (R−C≡N) using ammonia (NH 3) and oxygen (O 2). It is sometimes called the SOHIO process, acknowledging that ammoxidation was developed at Standard Oil of Ohio. [1] [2] The usual substrates are alkenes.
The reaction can form a wide range of products, including alkyl and aryl amines. The Hofmann rearrangement The reaction is named after its discoverer, August Wilhelm von Hofmann , and should not be confused with the Hofmann elimination , another name reaction for which he is eponymous .
In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho – (or o –), meta – (or m –), and para – (or p –) as indicated in the adjacent diagram.
Benzonitrile is a useful solvent and a versatile precursor to many derivatives. It reacts with amines to afford N-substituted benzamides after hydrolysis. [3] It is a precursor to diphenylmethanimine via reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide followed by methanolysis.
For example, consider radical bromination of toluene: [5] bromination of toluene with hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water. This reaction takes place on water instead of an organic solvent and the bromine is obtained from oxidation of hydrobromic acid with hydrogen peroxide. An incandescent light bulb suffices to radicalize.
Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [ 15 ] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3 , often abbreviated as PhCH 3 , where Ph stands for the phenyl group.
Benzyl bromide is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyl groups when the less expensive benzyl chloride is insufficiently reactive. [6] [7] Benzylations are often achieved in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium iodide, which generates the more reactive benzyl iodide in situ. [3]
The reaction of enolates, enol ethers, or enol acetates with NBS is the preferred method of α-bromination as it is high-yielding with few side-products. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Bromination of aromatic derivatives