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Psychological makeup can also play a role in vulnerability to depression. People who have low self-esteem, constantly view themselves and the world with pessimism, or are readily overwhelmed by stress, may be especially prone to depression. [33] Community surveys find that women are more likely than men to say they are under stress.
In fact, one recent study showed a significant relationship between the frequency of Instagram use and body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and low self-esteem in girls aged 14-24.
The BDI is a clinically based, 21-item, self-rated symptom scale for adults in determining whether or not they are experiencing depression and/or depressive symptoms. [1] Though the BDI was already being used in assessing adults with depression, there was a need for the development of a similar test for children and youth.
The final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity. [130] Most theories on self-esteem state that there is a grand desire, across all genders and ages, to maintain, protect and enhance their self-esteem. [103]
For younger kids, self-affirmations can be simple and straightforward, such as “I’m doing great” or “I feel good about myself.” Teens, on the other hand, can have a harder time.
Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic (trait self-esteem), though normal, short-term variations (state self-esteem) also exist. Synonyms or near-synonyms of self-esteem include: self-worth, [ 9 ] self-regard, [ 10 ] self-respect, [ 11 ] [ 12 ] and self-integrity.