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Carolyn Edelsky was an early critic of the BICS/CALP distinction, arguing that academic language is measured inaccurately by relying on "test-wiseness". [2] Cummins countered this by noting that academic language proficiency does not rely "on test scores as support for either its construct validity or relevance to education". [ 2 ]
The Michigan English Test (MET) is a multilevel, modular English language examination, which measures English language proficiency in personal, public, occupational and educational contexts. [1] It is developed by CaMLA , a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge and has been in use since ...
Reading comprehension and vocabulary are inextricably linked together. The ability to decode or identify and pronounce words is self-evidently important, but knowing what the words mean has a major and direct effect on knowing what any specific passage means while skimming a reading material.
As educators realized that in order to successfully complete an academic task, second language (L2) learners have to master both English as a language form (grammar, vocabulary etc.) and how English is used in core content classes, they started to implement various approaches such as Sheltered instruction and learning to learn in CBI classes ...
Oral activities are popular among CLT teachers compared to grammar drills or reading and writing activities, because they include active conversation and creative, unpredicted responses from students. Activities vary based on the level of language class they are used in. They promote collaboration, fluency, and comfort in the TL.
Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High was first published in 2002 by McGraw-Hill, with a second edition published in 2012, [1] and a third edition published in 2022. [2] A business self-help book written by the four co-founders of VitalSmarts, Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Ron McMillan, and Al Switzler, the book has ...
The process of learning to read depends heavily on analysed knowledge on the functions and features of reading, [4] control over the knowledge required [5] and control over the formal aspects of the language to extract its meaning. [6] Various research has exhibited that weaknesses in any one of these aspects reflects poorer literacy.
It was discovered that languages have a core basic vocabulary of about 2,000 words that occur frequently in written texts, and it was assumed that mastery of these would greatly aid reading comprehension. Parallel to this was the notion of "grammar control", emphasizing the sentence patterns most commonly found in spoken conversation.