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Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the ...
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the plasma and an additional energy source in tumor cells especially when glycolytic energy production is low due to a high amount of the dimeric form of M2-PK. Glutamine and its degradation products glutamate and aspartate are precursors for nucleic acid and serine synthesis.
i (catalyzed by glutamine synthetase in resting skeletal muscle) Excess glutamine is used by proximal tubule in the kidneys for ammoniagenesis, which may counteract any metabolic acidosis from anaerobic skeletal muscle activity. [15] In kidneys, glutamine is deaminated twice to form glutamate and then α-ketoglutarate.
Deamidation is a chemical reaction in which an amide functional group in the side chain of the amino acids asparagine or glutamine is removed or converted to another functional group. Typically, asparagine is converted to aspartic acid or isoaspartic acid. Glutamine is converted to glutamic acid or pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline).
Glutamate is synthesized in the central nervous system from glutamine as part of the glutamate–glutamine cycle by the enzyme glutaminase. This can occur in the presynaptic neuron or in neighboring glial cells. Glutamate itself serves as metabolic precursor for the neurotransmitter GABA, via the action of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase.
Glutamine: Gln or Q cyclization to pyroglutamic acid (N-terminus), deamidation to Glutamic acid or isopeptide bond formation to a lysine by a transglutaminase: Glutamic acid: Glu or E cyclization to Pyroglutamic acid (N-terminus), gamma-carboxylation: Glycine: Gly or G N-Myristoylation (N-terminus), N-acetylation (N-terminus) Histidine: His or ...