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In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra and applications, matrix analysis is the study of matrices and their algebraic properties. [1] Some particular topics out of many include; operations defined on matrices (such as matrix addition, matrix multiplication and operations derived from these), functions of matrices (such as matrix exponentiation and matrix logarithm, and even sines and ...
Matrices can be generalized in different ways. Abstract algebra uses matrices with entries in more general fields or even rings, while linear algebra codifies properties of matrices in the notion of linear maps. It is possible to consider matrices with infinitely many columns and rows.
The set of n × n orthogonal matrices, under multiplication, forms the group O(n), known as the orthogonal group. The subgroup SO(n) consisting of orthogonal matrices with determinant +1 is called the special orthogonal group, and each of its elements is a special orthogonal matrix. As a linear transformation, every special orthogonal matrix ...
Matrix addition and multiplication make the set of all matrices into an associative algebra, and hence there is a corresponding representation theory of associative algebras. If we replace matrix multiplication M N {\displaystyle MN} by the matrix commutator M N − N M {\displaystyle MN-NM} , then the n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrices ...
Mathematical and theoretical biology, or biomathematics, is a branch of biology which employs theoretical analysis, mathematical models and abstractions of living organisms to investigate the principles that govern the structure, development and behavior of the systems, as opposed to experimental biology which deals with the conduction of ...
Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (for example, inner product, norm, or topology) and the linear functions defined on these spaces and suitably respecting these structures.
In homological algebra, a branch of mathematics, a matrix factorization is a tool used to study infinitely long resolutions, generally over commutative rings. Motivation [ edit ]
In linear algebra, an invertible complex square matrix U is unitary if its matrix inverse U −1 equals its conjugate transpose U *, that is, if = =, where I is the identity matrix.. In physics, especially in quantum mechanics, the conjugate transpose is referred to as the Hermitian adjoint of a matrix and is denoted by a dagger ( † ), so the equation above is written