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From the 1920s, Romany Gypsies in the New Forest region of southern England were forced into a series of compounds. These were later replaced with a "Gypsy rehabiliation centre" at Thorney Hill, created for the purpose of forced assimilation, which remained active until the mid-1970s.
The Roma migrated throughout Europe and Iberian Calé or Caló. The first Roma to come to the United States arrived in Virginia, Georgia, New Jersey and Louisiana during the 1500s. [169] Romani slaves were first shipped to the Americas with Columbus in 1498. [94] Spain sent Romani slaves to their Louisiana colony between 1762 and 1800. [95]
As time elapsed, the notion of "the gipsy/gypsy" altered to include other associated stereotypes such as nomadism and exoticism. [27] John Matthews in The World Atlas of Divination refer to gypsies as "Wise Women". [28] Colloquially, gipsy/gypsy is used refer to any person perceived by the speaker as fitting the gypsy stereotypes. [29]
The Romani have Indo-Aryan roots and heritage and first entered Europe via the Middle East around a thousand years ago. They spread further through Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, separating into various subgroups in the process. They speak Romani, an Indo-Aryan language.
Flamenco music and dance came from the Roma in Spain; [82] the distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced bolero, jazz, and Cante Jondo in Europe. European-style Gypsy jazz is still widely practised among the original creators (the Romani People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was Django Reinhardt. [83]
At that time, the Roma were not considered vagabonds, but rather "as part of the national mosaic, not as foreign patterns." In medieval Europe, numerous laws and edicts were issued to expel the Roma or forcibly assimilate them in various countries. In 1471, the first anti-Gypsy law was introduced in Lucerne(Switzerland).
Others were confined to designated areas, and many were eventually murdered in gas chambers. [20] Many Sinti and Roma were taken to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were put in a special section, called the "gypsy camp". Josef Mengele often performed some of his infamous experiments on Sinti and Roma. On 2 August 1944, the "gypsy camp" was closed ...
The term gitano evolved from the word egiptano [10] ("Egyptian"), which was the Old Spanish demonym for someone from Egipto (Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular adjective in Old Spanish for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective egipcio supplanted egiptano to mean Egyptian, probably to differentiate Egyptians from Gypsies.