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The oldest surviving fragment of a text dates to 1323 CE. [2] The Avesta texts fall into several different categories, arranged either by dialect, or by usage. The principal text in the liturgical group is the Yasna, which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony, Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, at which the Yasna text is recited
The first was the treatment of "Zend" and "Avesta" as synonyms and the mistaken use of "Zend-Avesta" as the name of Zoroastrian scripture. This mistake derives from a misunderstanding of the distinctions made by priests between manuscripts for scholastic use ("Avesta-with-Zand"), and manuscripts for liturgical use ("clean"). In western ...
Avestan (/ ə ˈ v ɛ s t ən / ə-VESS-tən) [1] is the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. [2] It was originally spoken during the Old Iranian period (c. 1500 – 400 BCE) [3] [f 1] by the Iranians living in the eastern portion of Greater Iran.
Verses of the Avesta (Yasna 28.1) in the Avestan script. The primary source for the Avestan period are the texts of the Avesta, i.e., the collection of canonical texts of Zoroastrianism. All material in the Avesta is composed in Avestan, an otherwise unattested Old Iranian language.
Zend-Avesta, part 2/3: Sîrôzahs; Yasts; Nyâyis; 24 Zor 1884: E. W. West: Pahlavi Texts, part 3/5: Dinai Mainög-i khirad; Sikand-Gümanik Vigar; Sad Dar; 25 Hindu 1886: Georg Bühler: The Laws of Manu: with extracts from seven commentaries. 26 Hindu 1885: Julius Eggeling: Satapatha Brahmana, part 2/5 Mâdhyandina Shakha III–IV; 27 China ...
The Avesta is the oldest extant primary source of Zoroastrian literature, although the term "Avesta" designates not one text but a group of texts written in the Old Iranian language called Avestan, attested from the 2nd to 1st millennia BC.
The various text collections that today constitute the canon of Zoroastrian scripture are the result of a collation that occurred in the 4th century, probably during the reign of Shapur II (309–379). It is likely that the Avestan alphabet was an ad hoc [2] innovation related to this—"Sassanid archetype"—collation.
In 1877, Karl Friedrich Geldner identified the texts as being linguistically distinct from both the Old Avestan language texts as well as from the Yashts of the younger Avesta. Today, there is controversy over historical development of the Vendidad. The Vendidad is classified by some as an artificial, young Avestan text.