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The Puskesmas with beds are mostly located in more remote areas and ideally should be staffed and equipped to provide Basic Emergency Obstetric Care/Pelayanan Obstetri Neonatus Emergensi Dasar (BEOC/PONED) twenty-four hours per day. A midwife and a GP, who are not always properly trained for BEOC/PONED, staff these centres.
A hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. If a hemoglobin tests shows that a person's levels are below normal, it means they have a low red blood cell count, which is known as anemia. If the test shows higher levels than normal, it means they have hemoglobinemia. [citation needed] The normal range for hemoglobin is:
In hematology, thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets (also known as thrombocytes) in the blood. [2] Low levels of platelets in turn may lead to prolonged or excessive bleeding.
The term thrombocyte (clot cell) came into use in the early 1900s and is sometimes used as a synonym for platelet; but not generally in the scientific literature, except as a root word for other terms related to platelets (e.g. thrombocytopenia meaning low platelets).
Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις (thrómbōsis) ' clotting ') is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
Hemoglobinuria is a condition in which the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine. [1] The condition is caused by excessive intravascular hemolysis, in which large numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed, thereby releasing free hemoglobin into the plasma. [2]
Historically, blood was transfused as whole blood without further processing. Most blood banks now split the whole blood into two or more components, [18] typically red blood cells and a plasma component such as fresh frozen plasma.
As a result, an electron from the hemoglobin is transferred to an oxygen molecule, which creates a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause severe cell damage leading to premature cell lysis. [7] Damaged cells are cleared by macrophages in the spleen , where the precipitate and damaged membrane are removed, leading to characteristic " bite ...