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Failure to thrive (FTT), also known as weight faltering or faltering growth, indicates insufficient weight gain or absence of appropriate physical growth in children. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] FTT is usually defined in terms of weight, and can be evaluated either by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of increase in the weight.
Common chronic illnesses in children include asthma, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, obesity and overweight, malnutrition, developmental disabilities and differences, and mental illness. [7] Leading causes of poor outcomes due to childhood chronic illness, however, depend on geographic region.
Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF or mucoviscidosis) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder affecting most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine.
Feeding disorders resemble failure to thrive, except that at times in feeding disorder there is no medical or physiological condition that can explain the very small amount of food the children consume or their lack of growth. Some of the times, a previous medical condition that has been resolved is causing the issue.
In general, the most common cause of this condition is a deficiency of vitamin B 12. This may be due to a dietary deficiency, malabsorption in the terminal ileum , lack of intrinsic factor secreted from gastric parietal cells, or low gastric pH inhibiting attachment of intrinsic factor to ileal receptors. [ 10 ]
The frequency of these different causes varies with geographic location. [24] Cystic fibrosis is identified as a cause in up to half of cases. [3] Bronchiectasis without CF is known as non-CF bronchiectasis. Historically, about half of all cases of non-CF bronchiectasis were found to be idiopathic, or without a known cause. [25]
[1] [19] Injury is the leading cause of death in this age group in the United States—greater than all other causes combined. [20] It is also the leading cause of permanent paralysis for children. [21] [22] In the US approximately 16,000,000 children go to a hospital emergency room due to some kind of injury every year. [4]
Growth deficiency or failure to thrive: slow fetal growth low birth weight or height, small head circumference (microcephaly) [14] [a] Congenital malformations of lips: short palpebral fissure lengths, smooth philtrum, and thin upper lip. [15] [b] Nervous system damage: Clinically significant structural neurological, or functional impairment [c]
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