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  2. Hill cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_cipher

    Hill's cipher machine, from figure 4 of the patent. In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra.Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was practical (though barely) to operate on more than three symbols at once.

  3. Polygraphic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraphic_substitution

    In 1929, Lester S. Hill developed the Hill cipher, which uses matrix algebra to encrypt blocks of any desired length. However, encryption is very difficult to perform by hand for any sufficiently large block size, although it has been implemented by machine or computer. This is therefore on the frontier between classical and modern cryptography.

  4. Index of coincidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_coincidence

    where N is the length of the text and n 1 through n c are the frequencies (as integers) of the c letters of the alphabet (c = 26 for monocase English). The sum of the n i is necessarily N. The products n(n − 1) count the number of combinations of n elements taken two at a time. (Actually this counts each pair twice; the extra factors of 2 ...

  5. Lester S. Hill - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_S._Hill

    Lester S. Hill (1891–1961) was an American mathematician and educator who was interested in applications of mathematics to communications.He received a bachelor's degree (1911) and a master's degree (1913) from Columbia College and a Ph.D. from Yale University (1926).

  6. Texas Grandmother Accused of Munchausen by Proxy Abuse of ...

    www.aol.com/texas-grandmother-accused-munchausen...

    A Texas grandmother is accused of having an unnecessary gastric feeding tube placed into her granddaughter. Lisa Campbell-Goins is charged with unlawful restraint, exploitation of a child and ...

  7. Ciphertext - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext

    In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. [1] Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it.

  8. Woman Gives Friend a Secret Santa Gift with a Special Message ...

    www.aol.com/woman-gives-friend-secret-santa...

    In a touching Secret Santa exchange captured on TikTok, Mary Kate gifts Giuliana a personalized purse with a special message from her late mother

  9. Pregnant Woman Reportedly Stabbed 14 Times by Pizza Delivery ...

    www.aol.com/pregnant-woman-reportedly-stabbed-14...

    A pregnant woman is recovering in the hospital after she was stabbed multiple times by a pizza delivery driver over the size of her tip, according to reports.