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Solar-cell efficiencies of laboratory-scale devices using these materials have increased from 3.8% in 2009 [3] to 25.7% in 2021 in single-junction architectures, [4] [5] and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.8%, [4] [6] exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells have therefore ...
However, the solar cells are prone to degradation due to volatility of the organic [CH 3 NH 3] + I − salt. The all-inorganic perovskite cesium lead iodide perovskite (CsPbI 3) circumvents this problem, but is itself phase-unstable, the low temperature solution methods of which have only been recently developed. [47]
Perovskite (pronunciation: / p ə ˈ r ɒ v s k aɪ t /) is a calcium titanium oxide mineral composed of calcium titanate (chemical formula Ca Ti O 3).Its name is also applied to the class of compounds which have the same type of crystal structure as CaTiO 3, known as the perovskite structure, which has a general chemical formula A 2+ B 4+ (X 2−) 3. [6]
Perovskite solar cells have therefore been the fastest-advancing solar technology as of 2016. [123] With the potential of achieving even higher efficiencies and very low production costs, perovskite solar cells have become commercially attractive. Core problems and research subjects include their short- and long-term stability. [129]
The main obstacle to viable tin perovskite solar cells is the instability of tin's oxidation state Sn 2+, which is easily oxidized to the stabler Sn 4+. [10] In solar cell research, this process is called self-doping, [11] because the Sn 4+ acts as a p-dopant and reduces solar cell efficiency.
Since 2009, Miyasaka has been working on research and development of perovskite solar cell, therefore, he won the Clarivate Citation Laureates in 2017. [7] In 2017 Miyasaka was awarded the Hamakawa award for his contribution in photovoltaic science and technology development. [8]
Perovskite solar cell technology can be tuned to red, green and blue by changing the metallic nanowire thickness to 8, 20 and 45 nm respectively. [19] Maximum power efficiencies of 10.12%, 8.17% and 7.72% were achieved by matching glass reflectance to the wavelength that the specific cell is designed to most optimally transmit.
Perovskite solar cells are very new and many research in solar cells is focussed on these promising technologies. In these solar cells different effects have been observed after light soaking. Both increases and decreases in device performance have been found. These effects can be reversible as well as permanent.