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Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood. [1] Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system. In humans, monocytosis occurs when there is a sustained rise in monocyte counts greater than 800/mm 3 to 1000/mm 3 .
Specific white blood cells, called monocytes, are tasked with ingesting foreign material and become activated during certain inflammatory events. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] These activated monocytes come in contact with antibody-sensitized red blood cells (RBC) and may or may not exhibit phagocytosis (ingestion) and destroy the donor red blood cells.
With a diameter of 15–22 μm, monocytes are the largest cell type in peripheral blood. [2] [3] Monocytes are mononuclear cells and the ellipsoidal nucleus is often lobulated/indented, causing a bean-shaped or kidney-shaped appearance. [4] Monocytes compose 2% to 10% of all leukocytes in the human body.
The most common symptoms are fever, headache, malaise, and muscle aches ().Compared to human granulocytic anaplasmosis, rash is more common. [4] Laboratory abnormalities include thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and elevated liver tests.
A peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) is any peripheral blood cell having a round nucleus. [1] These cells consist of lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and monocytes, whereas erythrocytes and platelets have no nuclei, and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) have multi-lobed nuclei.
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The white blood cell differential is a common blood test that is often ordered alongside a complete blood count.The test may be performed as part of a routine medical examination; to investigate certain symptoms, particularly those suggestive of infection or hematological disorders; [5] [6] or to monitor existing conditions, such as blood disorders and inflammatory diseases.
Monocytosis present for ≥3 months and other causes of monocytosis have been ruled out; WHO defined CMML has two main subsets, CMML-1 and CMML-2. CMML-1 is diagnosed if myeloblasts, monoblasts and promonocytes are <5% of peripheral blood and <10% of bone marrow. CMML-2 is diagnosed if: Myeloblasts, monoblasts or promonocytes are 5-19% in blood, or