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Generalized transduction is a rare event and occurs on the order of 1 phage in 11,000. [citation needed] The new virus capsule that contains part bacterial DNA then infects another bacterial cell. When the bacterial DNA packaged into the virus is inserted into the recipient cell three things can happen to it: [citation needed] [5]
Bacterial recombination is a type of genetic recombination in bacteria characterized by DNA transfer from one organism called donor to another organism as recipient. This process occurs in three main ways: Transformation, the uptake of exogenous DNA from the surrounding environment. Transduction, the virus-mediated transfer of DNA between bacteria.
In this image, a gene from one bacterial cell is moved to another bacterial cell. This process of the second bacterial cell taking up new genetic material is called transformation. In molecular biology and genetics , transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic ...
"'abortive transfer – any DNA transfer from bacterial donor to recipients cells that fails to establish the incoming DNA as part of the hereditary material of the recipient. A. t. has been observed following → transduction → transformation, and → conjugation. In all cases, the transmitted fragment is diluted out as the culture grows.
A prime example concerning the spread of exotoxins is the adaptive evolution of Shiga toxins in E. coli through horizontal gene transfer via transduction with Shigella species of bacteria. [57] Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements have been proposed. [ 12 ]
Natural competence sums up in three methods where bacteria can acquire DNA from their surroundings: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. [7] As DNA is inserted into the cell during transformation, the recipient cells must be at certain physiological condition known as the competent state in order to take up transforming DNA. [6]
Transduction has been used extensively in bacterial genetics and is useful in strain construction. [8] In general, transduction within each bacterial species requires use of a specific phage; for example, P22 has been used for transduction in S. enterica sv.
Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium, where both donor and recipient are ordinarily of the same species. Transformation, unlike bacterial conjugation and transduction, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this process. [84]