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Self-discharge is a chemical reaction, just as closed-circuit discharge is, and tends to occur more quickly at higher temperatures. Storing batteries at lower temperatures thus reduces the rate of self-discharge and preserves the initial energy stored in the battery.
If calculating for a low discharge rate, the equation does not account for the fact that each battery has a self discharge rate. In terms of estimation, Peukert's law gets much closer to estimating real world performance of a battery than simple extrapolations of the amp hour rating. [4]
The self-discharge rate varies greatly with temperature, where lower storage temperature leads to slower discharge and longer battery life. The self-discharge is 5–20% on the first day and stabilizes around 0.5–4% per day at room temperature .
Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life Anode Electrolyte Cathode Cutoff Nominal ... Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery: 500–1,500 [14]
Self-discharge rate <0.3%/month: Time durability: 5–10 years: Nominal cell voltage: 1.5 V: An alkaline battery (IEC code: L) ... All batteries gradually self ...
By 2007, monthly self-discharge rate was estimated at 2% to 3%, and 2 [6] –3% by 2016. [68] By comparison, the self-discharge rate for NiMH batteries dropped, as of 2017, from up to 30% per month for previously common cells [69] to about 0.08–0.33% per month for low self-discharge NiMH batteries, and is about 10% per month in NiCd batteries.
In both types of cell, the self-discharge rate is highest for a full charge state and drops off somewhat for lower charge states. Finally, a similarly sized Ni–Cd battery has a slightly lower internal resistance, and thus can achieve a higher maximum discharge rate (which can be important for applications such as power tools).
The rate of self-discharge depends upon battery chemistry and construction, typically from months to years for significant loss. When batteries are recharged, additional side reactions reduce capacity for subsequent discharges. After enough recharges, in essence all capacity is lost and the battery stops producing power.