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Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder was first described in 1954, [9] with other observations made in early psychedelic research. [10] Horowitz [11] first introduced the term flashbacks, referring to recurrent and spontaneous perceptual distortions and unbidden images. When these "flashbacks" present as recurrent, but without a current ...
[20] [23] As a serotonin receptor agonist, LSD's precise effects are not fully understood, but it is known to alter the brain’s default mode network, leading to its powerful psychedelic effects. [12] [24] [25] The drug was first synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1938 and became widely studied in the 1950s and 1960s.
No clear connection has been made between psychedelic drugs and organic brain damage. However, hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a diagnosed condition wherein certain visual effects of drugs persist for a long time, sometimes permanently, [61] although the underlying cause and pathology remains unclear. [62]
Timothy Leary was a leading proponent of spiritual hallucinogen use. Certain psychoactives, particularly hallucinogens, have been used for religious purposes since prehistoric times. Native Americans have used peyote cacti containing mescaline for religious ceremonies for as long as 5700 years. [54]
Of those, three were found to contain the hallucinogenic substances. Since June, says researcher Avery Michienzi, DO, the poison center’s assistant medical director, they have seen "a few more ...
Some tryptamines are neurotransmitters, naturally occurring chemical messengers in the brain. But many are psychoactive compounds, such as psilocybin and psilocin. The former is best known as the ...
[78] [79] In addition, there is a strong correlation between hallucinogenic potency in humans and potency in the HTR assay. [79] [84] Moreover, the HTR paradigm is one of the only animal tests that can distinguish between hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor agonists and non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor agonists, such as ...
In the 1990s, hallucinogens and their effects on human consciousness were again the subject of scientific study, particularly in Europe. Advances in neuropharmacology and neuropsychology and the availability of brain imaging techniques have provided impetus for using drugs like psilocybin to probe the "neural underpinnings of psychotic symptom ...