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In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.
This series can be written by using sigma notation, as in the right side formula. [1] With a = 0, ... h is the n th finite difference operator with step size h.
The standard deviation of the distribution is (sigma). A random variable with a Gaussian distribution is said to be normally distributed , and is called a normal deviate . Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not ...
In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total.Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
The sum of a series of related numbers can be expressed through capital sigma notation, ... mechanical calculator in the 17th ... as many steps as an ...
Summation#Capital-sigma notation To a section : This is a redirect from a topic that does not have its own page to a section of a page on the subject. For redirects to embedded anchors on a page, use {{ R to anchor }} instead .
In capital-sigma notation this is expressed = or = + with a n > 0 for all n. Like any series, an alternating series is a convergent series if and only if the sequence of partial sums of the series converges to a limit .
When z is 1, the function is called the sigma function or sum-of-divisors function, [1] [3] and the subscript is often omitted, so σ(n) is the same as σ 1 (n) (OEIS: A000203). The aliquot sum s ( n ) of n is the sum of the proper divisors (that is, the divisors excluding n itself, OEIS : A001065 ), and equals σ 1 ( n ) − n ; the aliquot ...