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A large number of Indian Standard (IS) codes are available that are meant for virtually every aspect of civil engineering one can think of. During one's professional life one normally uses only a handful of them depending on the nature of work they are involved in. Civil engineers engaged in construction activities of large projects usually have to refer to a good number of IS codes as such ...
Excavation may be classified by type of material: [1]: 13.1 Topsoil excavation; Earth excavation; Rock excavation; Muck excavation – this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil; Unclassified excavation – this is any combination of material types; Excavation may be classified by the purpose: [1]: 13.1, 13.2
During excavation of Mound 72, a ridge-top burial mound south of main urban precinct, archaeologists found the remains of about 270 individuals, including paired male/female burials. One burial (Feature 101) was buried on a bed of 10,000 marine-shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a falcon , [ 110 ] [ 111 ] with the bird's head appearing ...
Drilling and blasting is the controlled use of explosives and other methods, such as gas pressure blasting pyrotechnics, to break rock for excavation. It is practiced most often in mining, quarrying and civil engineering such as dam, tunnel or road construction. The result of rock blasting is often known as a rock cut.
The excavation was proposed to be 11,000 feet (3,400 m) long, and at its maximum would be 360 feet (110 m) deep. A series of 22 devices ranging from 20 to 200 kilotons in explosive yield would create the excavation, as well as a separate device to create a crater that would contain drainage from Orange Blossom Wash, which crossed the site. [ 1 ] :
The excavation of the first rampart uncovered suggestions an area of 12 hectares, as well as a number of artifacts now exhibited at the Musée archéologique départemental de Jublains. On 26 May 1986, the site was declared a monument historique. [1] In 2004, road construction in Moulay and Mayenne uncovered a second rampart 1,200 meters long.
Excavation of Olive Mount cutting, Liverpool. Watercolour by T.T.Bury (1833) The cutting was 20 ft (6.1 m) wide and 70 ft (21.3 m) deep. Construction required the removal of 480,000 cubic yards (370,000 m 3) of sandstone. Olive Mount cutting, Liverpool, England; Talerddig cutting, Wales
Hydraulic excavators now perform tasks well beyond bucket excavation. With the advent of hydraulic-powered attachments such as a breaker , a cutter, a grapple or an auger ,a crusher and screening buckets [ 11 ] the excavator is frequently used in many applications other than excavation.