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A simple vacuum distillation system as exemplified above can be used, whereby the vacuum is replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete. However, this is a less satisfactory system if one desires to collect fractions under a reduced pressure.
The typical McCabe–Thiele diagram in Figure 1 uses a q-line representing a partially vaporized feed. Example q-line slopes are presented in Figure 2. The number of steps between the operating lines and the equilibrium line represents the number of theoretical plates (or equilibrium stages) required for the distillation. For the binary ...
This process is the origin of the name fractional distillation or fractionation. Distillation is one of the most common and energy-intensive separation processes. Effectiveness of separation is dependent upon the height and diameter of the column, the ratio of the column's height to diameter, and the material that comprises the distillation ...
English: Simple Distillations Laboratory distillation set-up using, without a fractionating column 1: Heat source 2: ... This diagram was created with Inkscape.
Additional heat is removed from the distillation column by a pumparound system as shown in the diagram below. As shown in the flow diagram, the overhead distillate fraction from the distillation column is naphtha. The fractions removed from the side of the distillation column at various points between the column top and bottom are called ...
Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. The apparatus shown in the diagram represents a batch distillation as opposed to a continuous distillation . The liquid feed mixture to be distilled is placed into the round-bottomed flask along with a few anti-bumping granules , and the fractionating column is ...
In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are condensed, and collected in a separate container. In reflux, a reaction involving volatile liquids is carried out at their boiling point, to speed it up; and the vapors that inevitably come off are condensed and returned to the reaction vessel.
Unstable node: This is the pure component or the azeotropic point with the lowest boiling temperature and highest vapor pressure in a distillation region. Residue curve never reach an unstable node. Saddle: These are pure components or azeotropic points with an intermediate boiling temperature and vapor pressure in a distillation region.