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In biological systems, phosphorus can be found as free phosphate anions in solution (inorganic phosphate) or bound to organic molecules as various organophosphates [5]. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted P i and at physiological ( homeostatic ) pH primarily consists of a mixture of [HPO
Branched polyphosphoric acids give similarly branched polyphosphate anions. The simplest example of this is triphosphono phosphate [OP(OPO 3) 3] 9− and its partially dissociated versions. The general formula for such (non-cyclic) polyphosphate anions, linear or branched, is [H n+2−k P n O 3n+1] k−, where the charge k may vary from 1 to n + 2.
They are anions HP(O) 2 OH −. A typical derivative is the salt [NH 4][HP(O) 2 OH]. [7] [6] Many related salts are known, e.g., RbHPHO 3, CsHPHO 3, TlHPHO 3. These salts are prepared by treating phosphorous acid with the metal carbonate. These compounds contain a layer polymeric anion consisting of HPO 3 tetrahedra linked by hydrogen bonds ...
The most prevalent compounds of phosphorus are derivatives of phosphate (PO 4 3−), a tetrahedral anion. [44] Phosphate is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid, which is produced on a massive scale for use in fertilisers. Being triprotic, phosphoric acid converts stepwise to three conjugate bases:
Several vanadium(IV) phosphates are known. These materials are typically blue. In these species, the phosphate anion is singly or doubly protonated. Examples include the hydrogenphosphates, VOHPO 4. 4H 2 O and VO(HPO 4). 0.5H 2 O, as well as the dihydrogen phosphate VO(H 2 PO 4) 2. Portion of the crystal structure of VO(HPO 4). 0.5H 2 O. The ...
Monothiophosphate is the anion [PO 3 S] 3−, which has C 3v symmetry. A common salt is sodium monothiophosphate (Na 3 PO 3 S). Monothiophosphate is used in research as an analogue of phosphate in biochemistry. Monothiophosphate esters are biochemical reagents used in the study of transcription, [4] substitution interference assays.
The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P 2 O 4− 7, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and hydrolyzes into inorganic phosphate: P 2 O 4− 7 + H 2 O → 2 HPO 2− 4. or in biologists' shorthand notation: PP i + H 2 O → 2 P i + 2 H +
Phosphate minerals are minerals that contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO 3− 4) anion, sometimes with arsenate (AsO 3− 4) and vanadate (VO 3− 4) substitutions, along with chloride (Cl −), fluoride (F −), and hydroxide (OH −) anions, that also fit into the crystal structure.