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The Raum-motiv is a historically-driving force, pushing peoples with great Kultur to naturally expand. Space, for Ratzel, was a vague concept, theoretically unbounded. Raum was defined as where German peoples live, and other weaker states could serve to support German peoples economically, and German culture could fertilize
Friedrich Ratzel's metaphoric concept of society as an organism—which grows and shrinks in logical relation to its Lebensraum (habitat)—proved especially influential upon the Swedish political scientist and conservative politician Johan Rudolf Kjellén (1864–1922), who interpreted that biological metaphor as a geopolitical natural-law. [18]
Geopolitik was a German school of geopolitics which existed between the late 19th century and World War II.. It developed from the writings of various European and American philosophers, geographers and military personnel, including Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), Alexander Humboldt (1769–1859), Karl Ritter (1779–1859), Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), Rudolf Kjellén (1864–1922), Alfred ...
Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), environmental determinist, invented the term Lebensraum Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918), founder of the French School of geopolitics and possibilism . Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861–1947), author of The Geographical Pivot of History , co-founder of the London School of Economics , along with the ...
Ratzel wrote on the natural division between land powers and sea powers, agreeing with Mahan that sea power was self-sustaining, as the profit from trade would support the development of a merchant marine. [33] However, his key contribution were the development of the concepts of raum and the organic theory of the state.
Frobenius was influenced by Richard Andree, and his own teacher Friedrich Ratzel. [ 1 ] These scholars believed that a limited number of Kulturkreise developed at different times and in different places and that all cultures, ancient and modern, resulted from the diffusion of cultural complexes—functionally related groups of culture traits ...
Haushofer developed Geopolitik from widely varied sources, including the writings of Oswald Spengler, Alexander Humboldt, Karl Ritter, Friedrich Ratzel, Rudolf Kjellén, and Halford J. Mackinder. [16] Geopolitik contributed to Nazi foreign policy chiefly in the strategy and justifications for lebensraum.
His work was influenced by Friedrich Ratzel. Along with Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, and Ratzel, Kjellén would lay the foundations for the German Geopolitik that would later be espoused prominently by General Karl Haushofer. Kjellén completed gymnasium in Skara in 1880 and matriculated at Uppsala University the same year.